Mace the Dog and Amazing Grace Frank's sermon on Sunday was about Amazing Grace and it was wonderful as usual. He started his sermon with a little story that has been with me all week and I just thought today would be a great way to end the month of June.

The bottom of page 53 of shows the first stanza of the hymn beginning 'Amazing Grace!' GenreWritten1779TextMeter8.6.8.6 MelodyNew Britain' Amazing Grace' is a Christian published in 1779, with words written in 1772 by the English poet and Anglican clergyman (1725–1807).Newton wrote the words from personal experience. He grew up without any particular religious conviction, but his life's path was formed by a variety of twists and coincidences that were often put into motion by others' reactions to what they took as his recalcitrant insubordination.He was (conscripted) into service in the. After leaving the service, he became involved in the.

In 1748, a violent storm battered his vessel off the coast of, so severely that he called out to God for mercy. This moment marked but he continued slave trading until 1754 or 1755, when he ended his seafaring altogether. He began studying.Ordained in the in 1764, Newton became of, where he began to write hymns with poet. 'Amazing Grace' was written to illustrate a sermon on New Year's Day of 1773.

It is unknown if there was any music accompanying the verses; it may have been chanted by the congregation. It debuted in print in 1779 in Newton and Cowper's but settled into relative obscurity in England. In the United States, 'Amazing Grace' became a popular song used by Baptist and Methodist preachers as part of their evangelizing, especially in the South, during the of the early 19th century. It has been associated with more than 20 melodies. In 1835, American composer set it to the tune known as 'New Britain' in a shape-note format. This is the version most frequently sung today.With the message that forgiveness and redemption are possible regardless of sins committed and that the soul can be delivered from despair through the mercy of God, 'Amazing Grace' is one of the most recognisable songs in the English-speaking world. Author writes that it is 'without a doubt the most famous of all the folk hymns'., a Newton biographer, estimates that the song is performed about 10 million times annually.

It has had particular influence in, and has become an emblematic black. Its universal message has been a significant factor in its crossover into secular music. 'Amazing Grace' became newly popular during a, and it has been recorded thousands of times during and since the 20th century, in versions that have occasionally ranked on popular music charts. How industrious is Satan served. I was formerly one of his active undertemptors and had my influence been equal to my wishes I would have carried all the human race with me.

A common drunkard or profligate is a petty sinner to what I was.John Newton, 1778According to the Dictionary of American Hymnology, 'Amazing Grace' is 's spiritual autobiography in verse.In 1725, Newton was born in, a district in London near the. His father was a shipping merchant who was brought up as a but had sympathies, and his mother was a devout Independent, unaffiliated with the. She had intended Newton to become a clergyman, but she died of when he was six years old. For the next few years, while his father was at sea Newton was raised by his emotionally distant stepmother. He was also sent to boarding school, where he was mistreated. At the age of eleven, he joined his father on a ship as an apprentice; his seagoing career would be marked by headstrong disobedience.As a youth, Newton began a pattern of coming very close to death, examining his relationship with God, then relapsing into bad habits. As a sailor, he denounced his faith after being influenced by a shipmate who discussed with him, a book by the.

In a series of letters Newton later wrote, 'Like an unwary sailor who quits his port just before a rising storm, I renounced the hopes and comforts of the at the very time when every other comfort was about to fail me.' His disobedience caused him to be into the Royal Navy, and he took advantage of opportunities to overstay his leave.He deserted the navy to visit Mary 'Polly' Catlett, a family friend with whom he had fallen in love. After enduring humiliation for deserting, he was traded as crew to a slave ship.He began a career in slave trading. In his later yearsNewton often openly mocked the captain by creating obscene poems and songs about him, which became so popular that the crew began to join in. His disagreements with several colleagues resulted in his being starved almost to death, imprisoned while at sea, and chained like the slaves they carried. He was himself enslaved and forced to work on a plantation in the British colony near the.

After several months he came to think of Sierra Leone as his home, but his father intervened after Newton sent him a letter describing his circumstances, and crew from another ship happened to find him. Newton claimed the only reason he left the colony was because of Polly.While aboard the ship Greyhound, Newton gained notoriety as being one of the most profane men the captain had ever met. In a culture where sailors habitually swore, Newton was admonished several times for not only using the worst words the captain had ever heard, but creating new ones to exceed the limits of verbal debauchery. In March 1748, while the Greyhound was in the North Atlantic, a violent storm came upon the ship that was so rough it swept overboard a crew member who was standing where Newton had been moments before. After hours of the crew emptying water from the ship and expecting to be capsized, Newton and another mate tied themselves to the ship's pump to keep from being washed overboard, working for several hours. After proposing the measure to the captain, Newton had turned and said, 'If this will not do, then Lord have mercy upon us!' Newton rested briefly before returning to the deck to steer for the next eleven hours.

During his time at the wheel, he pondered his divine challenge.About two weeks later, the battered ship and starving crew landed in, Ireland. For several weeks before the storm, Newton had been reading The Christian's Pattern, a summary of the 15th-century. The memory of his own 'Lord have mercy upon us!' Uttered during a moment of desperation in the storm did not leave him; he began to ask if he was worthy of God's mercy or in any way redeemable.

Not only had he neglected his faith but directly opposed it, mocking others who showed theirs, deriding and denouncing God as a myth. He came to believe that God had sent him a profound message and had begun to work through him.Newton's conversion was not immediate, but he contacted Polly's family and announced his intention to marry her. Her parents were hesitant as he was known to be unreliable and impetuous.

They knew he was profane too but allowed him to write to Polly, and he set to begin to submit to authority for her sake. He sought a place on a slave ship bound for Africa, and Newton and his crewmates participated in most of the same activities he had written about before; the only immorality from which he was able to free himself was profanity.

After a severe illness his resolve was renewed, yet he retained the same attitude towards slavery as was held by his contemporaries. Newton continued in the slave trade through several voyages where he sailed the coasts of Africa, now as a captain, and procured slaves being offered for sale in larger ports, transporting them to North America.In between voyages, he married Polly in 1750, and he found it more difficult to leave her at the beginning of each trip. After three shipping voyages in the slave trade, Newton was promised a position as ship's captain with cargo unrelated to slavery. But at the age of thirty, he collapsed and never sailed again. The vicarage in Olney, where Newton wrote the hymn that would become 'Amazing Grace' Olney curate Working as a customs agent in starting in 1756, Newton began to teach himself Latin, Greek, and theology.

He and Polly immersed themselves in the church community, and Newton's passion was so impressive that his friends suggested he become a priest in the Church of England. He was turned down by, in 1758, ostensibly for having no university degree, although the more likely reasons were his leanings toward and tendency to socialise with. Newton continued his devotions, and after being encouraged by a friend, he wrote about his experiences in the slave trade and his conversion., impressed with his story, sponsored Newton for ordination by, and offered him the of, in 1764. Olney Hymns. Duty driver 15.

Amazing grace! (how sweet the sound)That sav'd a wretch like me!I once was lost, but now am found,Was blind, but now I see.' And David the king came and sat before the L ORD, and said, Who am I, O L ORD God, and what is mine house, that thou hast brought me hitherto? And yet this was a small thing in thine eyes, O God; for thou hast also spoken of thy servant's house for a great while to come, and hast regarded me according to the estate of a man of high degree, O L ORD God.1 Chronicles 17:16–17,The title ascribed to the hymn, ' 17:16–17', refers to 's reaction to the prophet telling him that God intends to maintain his family line forever. Some Christians interpret this as a prediction that Jesus Christ, as a descendant of David, was promised by God as the salvation for all people. Newton's sermon on that January day in 1773 focused on the necessity to express one's gratitude for God's guidance, that God is involved in the daily lives of Christians though they may not be aware of it, and that patience for deliverance from the daily trials of life is warranted when the glories of eternity await. Newton saw himself a sinner like David who had been chosen, perhaps undeservedly, and was humbled by it.

According to Newton, unconverted sinners were 'blinded by the god of this world' until 'mercy came to us not only undeserved but undesired. Our hearts endeavored to shut him out till he overcame us by the power of his grace.' The served as the basis for many of the lyrics of 'Amazing Grace'. The first verse, for example, can be traced to the story of the. In the the father says, 'For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost, and is found'.

The story of Jesus who tells the that he can now see is told in the. Newton used the words 'I was blind but now I see' and declared 'Oh to grace how great a debtor!' In his letters and diary entries as early as 1752. The effect of the lyrical arrangement, according to Bruce Hindmarsh, allows an instant release of energy in the exclamation 'Amazing grace!' , to be followed by a qualifying reply in 'how sweet the sound'. In An Annotated Anthology of Hymns, Newton's use of an exclamation at the beginning of his verse is called 'crude but effective' in an overall composition that 'suggest(s) a forceful, if simple, statement of faith'. Grace is recalled three times in the following verse, culminating in Newton's most personal story of his conversion, underscoring the use of his personal testimony with his parishioners.The sermon preached by Newton was his last of those that William Cowper heard in Olney, since Cowper's mental instability returned shortly thereafter.

Steve Turner, author of Amazing Grace: The Story of America's Most Beloved Song, suggests Newton may have had his friend in mind, employing the themes of assurance and deliverance from despair for Cowper's benefit. An 1847 publication of, showing the title 'New Britain' and music. Dissemination Although it had its roots in England, 'Amazing Grace' became an integral part of the Christian tapestry in the United States. More than 60 of Newton and Cowper's hymns were republished in other British hymnals and magazines, but 'Amazing Grace' was not, appearing only once in a 1780 hymnal sponsored by the.

Scholar commented in his 1892 that outside of the United States, the song was unknown and it was 'far from being a good example of Newton's finest work'. Between 1789 and 1799, four variations of Newton's hymn were published in the US in, and hymnodies; by 1830 and also included Newton's verses in their hymnals.The greatest influences in the 19th century that propelled 'Amazing Grace' to spread across the US and become a staple of religious services in many denominations and regions were the and the development of singing communities. A tremendous religious movement swept the US in the early 19th century, marked by the growth and popularity of churches and religious revivals that got their start on the frontier in Kentucky and Tennessee. Unprecedented gatherings of thousands of people attended where they came to experience salvation; preaching was fiery and focused on saving the sinner from temptation and backsliding. Religion was stripped of ornament and ceremony, and made as plain and simple as possible; sermons and songs often used repetition to get across to a rural population of poor and mostly uneducated people the necessity of turning away from sin. Witnessing and testifying became an integral component to these meetings, where a congregation member or stranger would rise and recount his turn from a sinful life to one of piety and peace.

'Amazing Grace' was one of many hymns that punctuated fervent sermons, although the contemporary style used a refrain, borrowed from other hymns, that employed simplicity and repetition such as. Amazing grace!

How sweet the soundThat saved a wretch like me.I once was lost, but now am found,Was blind but now I see.Shout, shout for glory,Shout, shout aloud for glory;Brother, sister, mourner,All shout glory hallelujah.Simultaneously, an unrelated movement of communal singing was established throughout the South and Western states. A format of teaching music to illiterate people appeared in 1800. It used four sounds to symbolise the basic scale: fa-sol-la-fa-sol-la-mi-fa. Each sound was accompanied by a specifically shaped note and thus became known as shape note singing. The method was simple to learn and teach, so schools were established throughout the South and West. Communities would come together for an entire day of singing in a large building where they sat in four distinct areas surrounding an open space, one member directing the group as a whole.

Other groups would sing outside, on benches set up in a square. Preachers used hymns to teach people on the frontier and to raise the emotion of camp meetings. Most of the music was Christian, but the purpose of communal singing was not primarily spiritual. Communities either could not afford music accompaniment or rejected it out of a sense of simplicity, so the songs were sung. The American composer who first set John Newton's verses to the 'New Britain' tune, creating version of the song known as 'Amazing Grace' 'New Britain' tune When originally used in Olney, it is unknown what music, if any, accompanied the verses written by John Newton. Contemporary hymnbooks did not contain music and were simply small books of religious poetry. The first known instance of Newton's lines joined to music was in A Companion to the Countess of Huntingdon's Hymns (London, 1808), where it is set to the tune 'Hephzibah' by English composer.

Common meter hymns were interchangeable with a variety of tunes; more than twenty musical settings of 'Amazing Grace' circulated with varying popularity until 1835, when American composer assigned Newton's words to a traditional song named 'New Britain'. This was an amalgamation of two melodies ('Gallaher' and 'St. Mary'), first published in the Columbian Harmony by Charles H.

Spilman and Benjamin Shaw (Cincinnati, 1829). Spilman and Shaw, both students at Kentucky's, compiled their tunebook both for public worship and revivals, to satisfy 'the wants of the Church in her triumphal march'. Most of the tunes had been previously published, but 'Gallaher' and 'St. Mary' had not. As neither tune is attributed and both show elements of oral transmission, scholars can only speculate that they are possibly of British origin. A manuscript from 1828 by, a famous hymn writer of that time, contains a tune very close to 'St.

Mary', but that does not mean that he wrote it.' Amazing Grace', with the words written by Newton and joined with 'New Britain', the melody most currently associated with it, appeared for the first time in Walker's shape note tunebook in 1847. It was, according to author Steve Turner, a 'marriage made in heaven.

The music behind 'amazing' had a sense of awe to it. The music behind 'grace' sounded graceful. There was a rise at the point of confession, as though the author was stepping out into the open and making a bold declaration, but a corresponding fall when admitting his blindness.'

Walker's collection was enormously popular, selling about 600,000 copies all over the US when the total population was just over 20 million. Another shape note tunebook named (1844) by Georgia residents and Elisha J. King became widely influential and continues to be used.Another verse was first recorded in 's immensely influential 1852 anti-slavery novel. Three verses were emblematically sung by Tom in his hour of deepest crisis. He sings the sixth and fifth verses in that order, and Stowe included another verse, not written by Newton, that had been passed down orally in African-American communities for at least 50 years.

It was one of between 50 and 70 verses of a song titled 'Jerusalem, My Happy Home', which was first published in a 1790 book called A Collection of Sacred Ballads. This version also includes Newton's sixth verse, which is uncommon in recordings. This recording was made for the American Folklife Center and is in theProblems playing this file? Amazing Grace' came to be an emblem of a Christian movement and a symbol of the US itself as the country was involved in a great political experiment, attempting to employ democracy as a means of government. Shape-note singing communities, with all the members sitting around an open center, each song employing a different song leader, illustrated this in practice. Simultaneously, the US began to expand westward into previously unexplored territory that was often wilderness.

The 'dangers, toils, and snares' of Newton's lyrics had both literal and figurative meanings for Americans. This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the (1861–1865). 'Amazing Grace', set to 'New Britain', was included in two hymnals distributed to soldiers.

With death so real and imminent, religious services in the military became commonplace. The hymn was translated into other languages as well: while on the, the sang Christian hymns as a way of coping with the ongoing tragedy, and a version of the song by that had been translated into the became very popular. Urban revival Although 'Amazing Grace' set to 'New Britain' was popular, other versions existed regionally.

In the Appalachian region often used 'New Britain' with other hymns, and sometimes sing the words of 'Amazing Grace' to other folk songs, including titles such as ', 'Pisgah', 'Primrose', and 'Evan', as all are able to be sung in common meter, of which the majority of their repertoire consists. In the late 19th century, Newton's verses were sung to a tune named 'Arlington' as frequently as to 'New Britain' for a time.Two musical arrangers named and heralded another religious revival in the cities of the US and Europe, giving the song international exposure. Moody's preaching and Sankey's musical gifts were significant; their arrangements were the forerunners of, and churches all over the US were eager to acquire them. Moody and Sankey began publishing their compositions in 1875, and 'Amazing Grace' appeared three times with three different melodies, but they were the first to give it its title; hymns were typically published using the (first line of the lyrics), or the name of the tune such as 'New Britain'. Publisher gave the version of 'Amazing Grace' set to 'New Britain' immense popularity by publishing it in a series of hymnals that were used in urban churches.

Excell altered some of Walker's music, making it more contemporary and European, giving 'New Britain' some distance from its rural folk-music origins. Excell's version was more palatable for a growing urban middle class and arranged for larger church choirs. Several editions featuring Newton's first three stanzas and the verse previously included by Harriet Beecher Stowe in Uncle Tom's Cabin were published by Excell between 1900 and 1910.

His version of 'Amazing Grace' became the standard form of the song in American churches. This recording of three singers was done for the Archive of American Folk-Song in Livingston, Alabama, in 1939, and is in the U.S. Library of Congress.Problems playing this file? See.Recorded versions With the advent of recorded music and radio, 'Amazing Grace' began to cross over from primarily a gospel standard to secular audiences. The ability to record combined with the marketing of records to specific audiences allowed 'Amazing Grace' to take on thousands of different forms in the 20th century. Where Edwin Othello Excell sought to make the singing of 'Amazing Grace' uniform throughout thousands of churches, records allowed artists to improvise with the words and music specific to each audience. Lists over 1,000 recordings – including re-releases and compilations – as of 2019.

Its first recording is an version from 1922 by the Sacred Harp Choir. It was included from 1926 to 1930 in ' catalogue, which typically concentrated strongly on blues and jazz. Demand was high for black gospel recordings of the song by H. A poignant sense of nostalgia accompanied the recordings of several gospel and blues singers in the 1940s and 1950s who used the song to remember their grandparents, traditions, and family roots. It was recorded with musical accompaniment for the first time in 1930 by, although to another folk hymn named 'At the Cross', not to 'New Britain'. 'Amazing Grace' is emblematic of several kinds of folk music styles, often used as the standard example to illustrate such musical techniques as and, that have been practised in both black and white folk music.

Those songs come out of conviction and suffering. The worst voices can get through singing them 'cause they're telling their experiences.' S 1947 version received significant radio airplay, and as her popularity grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she often sang it at public events such as concerts at.

Author James Basker states that the song has been employed by African Americans as the 'paradigmatic Negro spiritual' because it expresses the joy felt at being delivered from slavery and worldly miseries. Anthony Heilbut, author of The Gospel Sound, states that the 'dangers, toils, and snares' of Newton's words are a 'universal testimony' of the African American experience. During the and, the song took on a political tone. Mahalia Jackson employed 'Amazing Grace' for Civil Rights marchers, writing that she used it 'to give magical protection – a charm to ward off danger, an incantation to the angels of heaven to descend.

I was not sure the magic worked outside the church walls. In the open air of Mississippi. But I wasn't taking any chances.' Folk singer, who knew the song before she could remember learning it, witnessed leading marchers in, singing 'Amazing Grace'. Collins also considered it a of sorts, and saw its equal emotional impact on the marchers, witnesses, and law enforcement who opposed the civil rights demonstrators. According to fellow folk singer, it was one of the most requested songs from her audiences, but she never realised its origin as a hymn; by the time she was singing it in the 1960s she said it had 'developed a life of its own'. It even made an appearance at the in 1969 during 's performance.

A lone bagpipe transitions to a chorus of pipes and drums, similar to Collins' versionProblems playing these files? See.Collins decided to record it in the late 1960s amid an atmosphere of counterculture introspection; she was part of an that ended a contentious meeting by singing 'Amazing Grace' as it was the only song to which all the members knew the words. Her producer was present and suggested she include a version of it on her 1970 album. Collins, who had a history of alcohol abuse, claimed that the song was able to 'pull her through' to recovery. It was recorded in, the chapel at, chosen for the acoustics.

She chose an a cappella arrangement that was close to Edwin Othello Excell's, accompanied by a chorus of amateur singers who were friends of hers. Collins connected it to the Vietnam War, to which she objected: 'I didn't know what else to do about the war in Vietnam. I had marched, I had voted, I had gone to jail on political actions and worked for the candidates I believed in. The war was still raging. There was nothing left to do, I thought. But sing 'Amazing Grace'.' Gradually and unexpectedly, the song began to be played on the radio, and then be requested.

It rose to number 15 on the, remaining on the charts for 15 weeks, as if, she wrote, her fans had been 'waiting to embrace it'. In the UK, it charted 8 times between 1970 and 1972, peaking at number 5 and spending a total of 75 weeks on popular music charts. Her rendition also reached number 5 in New Zealand and number 12 in Ireland in 1971.Although Collins used it as a catharsis for her opposition to the Vietnam War, two years after her rendition, the, senior of the, recorded an instrumental version featuring a soloist accompanied by a. The tempo of their arrangement was slowed to allow for the bagpipes, but it was based on Collins': it began with a bagpipe solo introduction similar to her lone voice, then it was accompanied by the band of bagpipes and horns, whereas in her version she is backed up by a chorus. It topped the national singles chart in Canada for three weeks, and rose as high as number 11 in the US. It is also a controversial instrumental, as it combined pipes with a military band. The of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards was summoned to and chastised for demeaning the bagpipes.and also recorded 'Amazing Grace' around the same time, and both of their renditions were popular.

All four versions were marketed to distinct types of audiences, thereby assuring its place as a pop song. Recorded it on his 1975 album, dedicating it to his older brother Jack, who had been killed in a mill accident when they were boys in. Cash and his family sang it to themselves while they worked in the cotton fields following Jack's death. Cash often included the song when he toured prisons, saying 'For the three minutes that song is going on, everybody is free. It just frees the spirit and frees the person.' The has a collection of 3,000 versions of and songs inspired by 'Amazing Grace', some of which were first-time recordings by folklorists, a father and son team who in 1932 travelled thousands of miles across the southern states of the US to capture the different regional styles of the song. More contemporary renditions include samples from such popular artists as and (1963), (1970), (1971), (1972), (1972), (1975), (1976), (1992), on the album.

Somehow, 'Amazing Grace' embraced core American values without ever sounding triumphant or jingoistic. It was a song that could be sung by young and old, Republican and Democrat, Southern Baptist and Roman Catholic, African American and Native American, high-ranking military officer and anticapitalist campaigner.Steve Turner, 2002 In American popular culture Following the appropriation of the hymn in secular music, 'Amazing Grace' became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns, placing it in danger of becoming a. It has been mass-produced on souvenirs, lent its name to a, appeared on to demonstrate the redemption of a murderous character named, incorporated into chants and adapted for ceremonies. It can also be sung to the theme from, as has observed. The hymn has been employed in several films, including,. It is referenced in the 2006 film, which highlights Newton's influence on the leading British abolitionist, and in the film biography of Newton,.

The 1982 science fiction film used 'Amazing Grace' amid a context of Christian symbolism, to memorialise following his death, but more practically, because the song has become 'instantly recognizable to many in the audience as music that sounds appropriate for a funeral' according to a Star Trek scholar. Since 1954, when an organ instrumental of 'New Britain' became a best-seller, 'Amazing Grace' has been associated with funerals and memorial services. The hymn has become a song that inspires hope in the wake of tragedy, becoming a sort of 'spiritual national anthem' according to authors Mary Rourke and Emily Gwathmey.

For example, recited and later sang the hymn at the memorial service for, who was one of the nine victims of the in 2015. Modern interpretations. 'Amazing Grace' jazz vocal version by the United States Air Force BandProblems playing this file? See.In recent years, the words of the hymn have been changed in some religious publications to downplay a sense of imposed self-loathing by its singers. The second line, 'That saved a wretch like me!' Has been rewritten as 'That saved and strengthened me', 'save a soul like me', or 'that saved and set me free'. In her book Amazing Grace: A Vocabulary of Faith characterises this transformation of the original words as 'wretched English' making the line that replaces the original 'laughably bland'.

Part of the reason for this change has been the altered interpretations of what wretchedness and grace means. Newton's view of and formed his perspective that he considered himself a sinner so vile that he was or be redeemed without God's help.

Yet his lyrical subtlety, in Steve Turner's opinion, leaves the hymn's meaning open to a variety of Christian and non-Christian interpretations. 'Wretch' also represents a period in Newton's life when he saw himself outcast and miserable, as he was when he was enslaved in Sierra Leone; his own arrogance was matched by how far he had fallen in his life. A Canadian playing 'Amazing Grace' during a memorial service, 29 October 2009, at Forward Operating Base Wilson, AfghanistanDue to its immense popularity and iconic nature, the meaning behind the words of 'Amazing Grace' has become as individual as the singer or listener. Bruce Hindmarsh suggests that the secular popularity of 'Amazing Grace' is due to the absence of any mention of God in the lyrics until the fourth verse (by Excell's version, the fourth verse begins 'When we've been there ten thousand years'), and that the song represents the ability of humanity to transform itself instead of a transformation taking place at the hands of God. 'Grace', however, had a clearer meaning to John Newton, as he used the word to represent God or the.The transformative power of the song was investigated by journalist in a documentary released in 1990. Moyers was inspired to focus on the song's power after watching a performance at, where the audience consisted of Christians and non-Christians, and he noticed that it had an equal impact on everybody in attendance, unifying them.

James Basker also acknowledged this force when he explained why he chose 'Amazing Grace' to represent a collection of anti-slavery poetry: 'there is a transformative power that is applicable.: the transformation of sin and sorrow into grace, of suffering into beauty, of alienation into empathy and connection, of the unspeakable into imaginative literature.' Moyers interviewed Collins, Cash, opera singer, Appalachian folk musician and her family, white Sacred Harp singers in Georgia, black Sacred Harp singers in Alabama, and a prison choir at the.

Collins, Cash, and Norman were unable to discern if the power of the song came from the music or the lyrics. Norman, who once notably sang it at the end of a large outdoor, stated, 'I don't know whether it's the text – I don't know whether we're talking about the lyrics when we say that it touches so many people – or whether it's that tune that everybody knows.' A prisoner interviewed by Moyers explained his literal interpretation of the second verse: 'Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, and grace my fears relieved' by saying that the fear became immediately real to him when he realised he may never get his life in order, compounded by the loneliness and restriction in prison. Gospel singer summed up its effect: 'That's a song that gets to everybody'.The Dictionary of American Hymnology claims it is included in more than a thousand published hymnals, and recommends its use for 'occasions of worship when we need to confess with joy that we are saved by God's grace alone; as a hymn of response to forgiveness of sin or as an assurance of pardon; as a confession of faith or after the sermon'. Stripped of his rank, whipped in public, and subjected to the abuses directed to prisoners and other press-ganged men in the Navy, he demonstrated insolence and rebellion during his service for the next few months, remarking that the only reason he did not murder the captain or commit suicide was because he did not want Polly to think badly of him. (Martin 1950, pp. 41–47.).

Newton kept a series of detailed journals as a slave trader; these are perhaps the first primary source of the from the perspective of a merchant (Moyers). Women, naked or nearly so, upon their arrival on ship were claimed by the sailors, and Newton alluded to sexual misbehavior in his writings that has since been interpreted by historians to mean that he, along with other sailors, took (and presumably raped) whomever he chose.

(Martin 1950, pp. 82–85)(Aitken, p. 64.). Newton's father was friends with Joseph Manesty, who intervened several times in Newton's life. Newton was supposed to go to Jamaica on Manesty's ship, but missed it while he was with the Catletts. When Newton's father got his son's letter detailing his conditions in Sierra Leone, he asked Manesty to find Newton. Manesty sent the Greyhound, which travelled along the African coast trading at various stops. An associate of Newton lit a fire, signalling to ships he was interested in trading just 30 minutes before the Greyhound appeared.

34–35, 64–65.). Several retellings of Newton's life story claim that he was carrying slaves during the voyage in which he experienced his conversion, but the ship was carrying livestock, wood, and beeswax from the coast of Africa. 76.). When Newton began his journal in 1750, not only was slave trading seen as a respectable profession by the majority of Britons, its necessity to the overall prosperity of the kingdom was communally understood and approved. Only, who were much in the minority and perceived as eccentric, had raised any protest about the practice. (Martin and Spurrell 1962, pp.

Xi–xii.). Newton's biographers and Newton himself does not put a name to this episode other than a 'fit' in which he became unresponsive, suffering dizziness and a headache. His doctor advised him not to go to sea again, and Newton complied. Jonathan Aitken called it a stroke or, but its cause is unknown.

(Martin 1950, pp. 140–141.)(Aitken, p. 125.). Watts had previously written a hymn named 'Alas! And Did My Saviour Bleed' that contained the lines 'Amazing pity!

Grace unknown!/ And love beyond degree!' ., another well-known hymn writer, wrote another in 1755 titled 'The Humiliation and Exaltation of God's Israel' that began 'Amazing grace of God on high!' And included other similar wording to Newton's verses. Newton biographer Jonathan Aitken states that Watts had inspired most of Newton's compositions. 82–83.)(Aitken, pp.

28–29.). Only since the 1950s has it gained some popularity in the UK; not until 1964 was it published with the music most commonly associated with it. (Noll and Blumhofer, p. 8).

Franklin's version is a prime example of 'long meter' rendition: she sings several notes representing a syllable and the vocals are more dramatic and lilting. Her version lasts over ten minutes in comparison to the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards' that lasts under three minutes. (Tallmadge)(Turner, pp. 150–151.)References Citations.

181. ^ Aitken, p. 224. ^ (director). Amazing Grace with Bill Moyers, Public Affairs Television, Inc.

(1990). ^, Dictionary of American Hymnology. Retrieved 31 October 2009. Martin (1950), pp. 8–9.

Newton (1824), p. 12.

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Brown, Tony; Kutner, Jon; Warwick, Neil (2000). Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles & Albums, Omnibus. Bruner, Kurt; Ware, Jim (2007).

Finding God in the Story of Amazing Grace, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Chase, Gilbert (1987). America's Music, From the Pilgrims to the Present, McGraw-Hill. (1998). Singing Lessons: A Memoir of Love, Loss, Hope, and Healing, Pocket Books. Duvall, Deborah (2000).

Tahlequah and the Cherokee Nation, Arcadia Publishing. Julian, John (ed.)(1892). A Dictionary of Hymnology, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Martin, Bernard (1950). John Newton: A Biography, William Heineman, Ltd., London.

Martin, Bernard and Spurrell, Mark, (eds.)(1962). The Journal of a Slave Trader (John Newton), The Epworth Press, London.

(1811). Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade, Samuel Whiting and Co., London. Newton, John (1824).

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Sing Them Over Again to Me: Hymns and Hymnbooks in America, University of Alabama Press. (1999). Amazing Grace: A Vocabulary of Faith, Riverhead. Patterson, Beverly Bush (1995). The Sound of the Dove: Singing in Appalachian Primitive Baptist Churches, University of Illinois Press. Porter, Jennifer; McLaren, Darcee (eds.)(1999).

Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture, State University of New York Press,. Rourke, Mary; Gwathmey, Emily (1996). Amazing Grace in America: Our Spiritual National Anthem, Angel City Press. (1899)., or Life Among the Lowly, R.

Fenno & Company, New York City. Swiderski, Richard (1996). The Metamorphosis of English: Versions of Other Languages, Greenwood Publishing Group. Turner, Steve (2002). Amazing Grace: The Story of America's Most Beloved Song, HarperCollins.

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Aristocrat, Opportunist, Power Hungry “There is no greater pleasure than to serve the King's Grace. If I was deemed worthy to join your small council, you would find none more loyal or true.„ Mace toMace Tyrell is a character in ' A Song of Ice and Fire' and its TV adaption, Game of Thrones.

He is the head of House Tyrell, Lord of Highgarden, Lord Paramount of the Mander, Warden of the South, Defender of the Marches, and High Marshal of the Reach, ruling the most populated and fertile region in Westeros. He is the only son of Lord Luthor Tyrell and Lady Olenna Redwyne. He is married to Lady Alerie Hightower and has 3 sons - Willas, Garlan, and Loras - and a daughter, Margaery. Mace has two younger sisters, Janna and Mina, married to Ser Jon Fossoway and Lord Paxter Redwyne. Mace is not an evil man, but he's a greedy and ambitious lord who schemes to make his 14 year old daughter, Margaery, queen.In the show, he was portrayed by Roger Ashton-Griffiths.

Contents Overview “The more I give him, the more he wants.„ Kevan Lannister's thoughts about Lord TyrellHe is very arrogant, believing himself a great military commander because of one battle where Robert suffered his only defeat during Robert's rebellion, though in fact the battle was mostly won by Lord before Mace arrived. Mace besieged Storm's End for a year, though held the castle against his entire army. After the death of, Eddard Stark arrived at Storm's End and Mace and Paxter Redwyne surrended and bent the knee to King Robert I Baratheon. Mace came to resent Stannis since he failed to take Storm's End. He was handsome and once powerful-looking, until gained weight while getting older, due to his life of excesses at Highgarden.SynopsisLord Mace is the son of Lord Luthor Tyrell and Lady Olenna Redwyne, husband of Lady Alerie Hightower, and father of 4 children, Willas, Garlan, Loras, and Margaery.

Loras is Mace's favorite child.Mace's closest friend is his first cousin Lord Paxter Redwyne, who is also married to one of Mace's sisters, while other two notable closest bannermen are Lord Randyll Tarly and Lord Mathis Rowan. House Tyrell's most unloyal sworn house is House Florent. Both Tyrells and Florents (along with many of the Reach's Houses) claim descent from the extinct House Gardener, the defunct Kings of the Reach. The Florents have a superior line of descent, and believe that they by rights should possess Highgarden and not the Tyrells.Mace Tyrell is considered an oaf by his mother Olenna and Cersei Lannister, and a fool byKing Robert I is also in debt with Mace after beggaring the realm.

During Robert's reign, Mace's youngest son Loras Tyrell was fostered at Storm's End and served as a squire of, Robert's youngest brother, where they became lovers. After some years leaving at Storm's End and making journeys in the stormlands, Dorne, and the Reach, Renly was made the new master of laws in Robert's small council and Loras, now a knight, followed him in King's Landing. Renly and Loras tried making the 14 years old maid, Margaery, queen despite Robert's marriage to. Mace loves power and having Robert spurn Cersei in favor of Margaery would make House Tyrell the second most powerful family in the Seven Kingdoms, replacing the Lannisters. However after Robert's death Renly flees to Highgarden and marries Margaery, intending to usurp the throne from his legal nephew, with the forces of the Stormlands and the Reach. Mace's mother Olenna Redwyne tells Mace that he shouldn't support Renly due to his poor claim, but Mace refuses to listen to her and rebels against the Iron Throne.

At the same time of Eddard Stark's execution, Renly crowns himself king in Highgarden.During the War of the Five Kings Renly and Mace close the Roseroad, plunging King's Landing into starvation. When Renly starts to march to the capital with his army, Mace remains at Highgarden preparing another host for his king with Willas, Garlan, and his uncle Garth.

Renly's army moves slowly, hoping that his enemies will weaken before he reaches King's Landing. However, hearing that Robert's eldest brother Stannis Baratheon, who has also declared himself King, is besieging Storm's End, Renly takes part of his army there, intending to kill Stannis. When Renly is assassinated before the battle, Randyll Tarly, Loras, and part of Renly's force flee back to Bitterbridge, while the storm lords and a few Reach lords declare for King Stannis.Chaos erupts at Bitterbridge, and fightings occur.

People of the Reach are divided between supporters of King Joffrey and supporters of King Stannis. Randyll Tarly arrives at Bitterbridge and seizes Renly's stores, and puts many of the foot to death, especially those of House Florent. Lord Lorent Caswell shuts himself within the walls of the castle.Mace never liked Stannis and he knows that Stannis holds a grudge against him and Paxter Redwyne for the Siege of Storm's End. He and his son, Garlan, take the new host from Highgarden to Bitterbridge. Stannis sends Ser Erren Florent and Ser Parmen Crane to recruit the rest of Renly's army camped at Bitterbridge, the best part of Renly's army, full of young skilled knights and lords, but the two former Renly's supporters are captured by Loras and Randyll and taken as captives to Highgarden.Later Mace and his sons are met by the master of coin, who offers a royal pardon, an alliance with House Lannister, and a betrothal between and Margaery, which Mace agress to.

After Edmure Tully chases away Tywin's army from the Trident, the army of the westerlands starts marching to King's Landing, after receiving urgent news of Stannis' imminent invasion. Mace and his large army join with and Randyll Tarly's army at Tumbler's Falls. From there they sail down the Blackwater Rush and land a half day's ride outside of King's Landing.At the Battle of the Blackwater Stannis comes close to defeating the Lannisters and the forces of the Iron Throne.

However an army under Tywin Lannister and Mace Tyrell suddenly attacks Stannis from the rear, with Mace commanding from the left, forcing him to flee back to his island fortress of Dragonstone. Joffrey is then betrothed to Margaery after Ser Garlan asks him to marry her. The Iron Throne grants Garlan the titles, lands and incomes of House Florent, including lordship of their seat, Brightwater Keep, though the Florents still hold the fortress in Stannis's name. Loras joins the Kingsguard, replacing the late Ser Mandon Moore. Mace is given the position of master of ships on the small council, though Joffrey needs to rebuild a new royal fleet. Lord Redwyne is made an advisor in the small council.

Randyll Tarly leaves King's Landing shortly after the battle to join with in the riverlands and fight the northmen and riverlands people.After the Blackwater, Lady Olenna and Mace's wife, Alerie Tyrell, arrive with their retinue in King's Landing, along with many noble ladies from the Reach, including the young Tyrell girls, Megga, Alla, and Elinor, Garlan's wife, Leonette Fossoway, and Mace's sister, Janna, who's wife of Jon Fossoway, a knight who fought for Stannis, but surrended and was pardoned by the crown. At Oldtown, the Conclave of the Citadel is annoyed by the removal of Grand Maester, as only the Citadel have the power to remove Grand Maesters from service, so they plan to send Mace's uncle, Maester Gormon, to replace Pycelle. Tywin immediately restores Pycelle to his office, in order to avoid having another Tyrell at power. While Mace serves the King in the capital, Willas Tyrell rules the Reach, acting as Lord of Highgarden.Prince Oberyn Martell starts to march from Sunspear to King's Landing with a huge retinue of noble Dornishmen, in stead of his brother Prince Doran. Mace is not pleased with the idea of Dornishmen riding freely in the Reach, surprising Tyrion for talking like a general for once.

The Tyrells hate House Martell since Oberyn accidentaly crippled Willas during a tourney. Since then, Willas uses a staff to help himself walking. However Willas doesn't resent Oberyn for this and is friends with him, Oberyn blames Mace for pushing Willas into tourneys at too young an age.Lady Olenna was planning to secretely marry Sansa Stark to Willas Tyrell, so that the Tyrells could hold a claim to Winterfell and the North, since is believed to have murdered Bran and Rickon Stark, making Sansa Robb's heir. However, Lord Tywin is made aware of this, so he immediately plans to marry Cersei to Willas and Tyrion to Sansa.

Olenna tells Mace to refuse Tywin's offer, which he does so.Mace attends with many other nobles the wedding of Tyrion and Sansa. After the deaths of the kings and, Joffrey finally marries Margaery in the Great Sept of Baelor. Mace's wedding gift, is a seven-sided chalice decorated with the great houses of Westeros: ruby lion, emerald rose, onyx stag, silver trout, blue jade falcon, opal sun, and pearl direwolf.At his wedding feast, Joffrey he is poisoned by Olenna, and Joffrey's uncle Tyrion Lannister is blamed. Joffrey's grandfather and Tyrion's father Tywin Lannister, Mace and Oberyn Martell sit as judges during Tyrion's trial. Not knowing that Olenna is responsible for Joffrey's death, Mace wants to find Tyrion guilty as he fears Margaery was almost poisoned, since she was drinking from the same chalice that contained the Strangler. He believs that the poison was meant for his daughter and wants Tyrion dead.

The trial is manipulated by Queen Cersei and the the people who testify tell only lies or incriminating true stories about Tyrion, so Tyrion demands a trial by combat. Ser Gregor Clegane arrives from Harrenhal and fights against Oberyn in the trial by combat. As a judge Mace is present and watches the Mountain killing Oberyn while the former is deadly wounded. When Tyrion is found guilty of regicide and sentenced to death, Tywin agrees to name Ser Garth Tyrell the new master of coin. Mace sends the raven for Garth, to Highgarden, informing him to ride to the capital.When Tyrion escapes from Westeros with the help of his brother and, murdering his father Tywin before leaving, a Tyrell coin is found in Tyrion's dungeon cell.

Initially Cersei thought it was Stannis Baratheon who Tywin, but then the guards informed her about Tyrion's escape and her paranoia towards the Tyrells gets worse. It was Varys who put the Tyrell coin there, in order to fuel a war between the Lannisters and the Tyrells. The Jailer Rugen, really Varys in disguise, disappears at the same time as Tyrion but a coin is found hidden in his room by.Mace tries to become the new Hand of the King, but Cersei instead appoints the craven Ser Harys Swyft, believing he will be weak-willed enough for her to control, and intending to use him as a hostage against his daughter's husband, her uncle Ser Kevan Lannister. The Queen also names Lord Gyles Rosby as the new master of coin, upsetting Mace, since he had agreed with Tywin to have Garth Tyrell take the office.At the Tyrell's urging, Margaery is married to Joffrey's brother, King Tommen I, though he is too young to consummate the marriage.Cersei sends Mace to capture Storm's End, which is still held by Stannis' forces, while Paxter Redwyne is to take the Redwyne fleet to Dragonstone and capture the island. At the same time Garlan is leaving King's Landing as well, preparing to start a siege at Brightwater Keep, and take his new seat from the Florents. Cersei is also delighted by the fact that Lady Olenna is also going back to Highgarden with Garlan, as well as Alerie and Leonette. Mace leaves King's Landing with half the Tyrell strength.

Now the only Tyrells left in the capital are Queen Margaery, Loras, and their aunt Janna, with also their cousins, Alla, Elinor, and Megga. Cersei starts to plot against the young queen, planning to blame many other 'annoying' men at court of having sexual relations with her, including Prince Jalabhar Xho and Paxter's twin sons, Horas and Hobber.Later King attacks the Reach with the ironborn Iron Fleet. The ironmen take many islands, castles, and towns, while also invading the Mander. With Mace at Storm's End, Lord Redwyne at Dragonstone, and Randyll in Maidenpool, Willas and Ser Moryn Tyrell, the Lord Commander of the City Watch of Oldtown, and Leyton Hightower have to organize the defenses against House Greyjoy.

Garlan is forced to abandon his imminent siege against the Florents and bring his forces against the Ironborn. At King's Landing Loras and Margaery try to reason with Cersei and beg her to let Paxter Redwyne return to the Reach with his strong fleet, to deal with Euron. Cersei refuses, wanting the Tyrells to remain weak. Loras is furious and days later asks Cersei to leave the capital for Dragonstone, meaning to take command of the siege, since Paxter is taking too long. A happy Cersei allows him to go. Loras turns the siege into a massacre: Stannis' soldiers pour boiled oil on Ser Loras, and he's now gravely injured. Tommen's forces manage to take Dragonstone from Stannis, though about a thousand men die in the process, most of them Tyrell forces, and Loras is said to be in a dying state at Dragonstone.While Mace is still besieging Storm's End, Cersei and manage to incriminate Margaery and her cousins and inform the Faith.

However, Cersei's plan backfires when the Faith finds out about her plotting against Margaery and her fornication with Ser Lancel, the Kettleblack brothers, and Taena Merryweather. Because of their reciprocal accusations of immorality, both queens are imprisoned by the in the Great Sept of Baelor.On hearing that Margaery and her cousins have been arrested by the Faith, Mace returns to King's Landing with most of his army. Reservoir dogs poster art. Mace leaves the rest of his force to keep besieging Storm's End, under the command of Mathis Rowan.Randyll Tarly arrives at King's Landing with his army before Mace.

When Mace arrives at the capital Margaery, Alla, Megga, and Elinor have already been released by the Faith. The evidence against them is weak, so the little girls were given into custody of Lord Randyll. Their release was conditional on Tarly's holy oath to return them for trial. Cersei Lannister is stripped of the regency. Tywin's brother, Ser Kevan Lannister has been summoned by Grand Maester Pycelle, and arrives from Casterly Rock in the city, ruling the Seven Kingdom as Lord Regent to King Tommen Baratheon.Mace is named Hand of the King by Ser Kevan, while Randyll is made master of laws and Paxter Redwyne is master of ships in the small council. The war is infuriating in the realm: Stannis Baratheon in the North, Euron Greyjoy in the Reach, and Jon Connington with the Golden Company in the stormlands.

Mace refuses to bring his army anywhere until his daughter is left alone by the Faith, so only Paxter leaves with his fleet back to the Reach to start fighting the Ironmen. Mace asks that Margaery be declared innocent, but Kevan reminds him that she has to be found innocent by the Faith, and has to remind him of the importance of Cersei being found innocent of her adultery, as if Tommen ceases to be a King Margaery ceases to be a Queen. Mace adds a hundred men of the Reach to the City Watch of the capital and plans a new Tower of the Hand (Cersei had the original tower burned after Tywin's death) double the size of its predecessor.

Mace and Randyll are not happy about the new Kingsguard, Ser, and try to send the Mountain's men to the Wall, but Kevan sends them to escort his father-in-law, the master of coin Harys Swyft, to Braavos. Kevan finds Mace an annoying and foolish figure, but believes that Tarly is the real danger. Kevan's murder by Varys leaves it unclear how the relationship between the Tyrells and Lannisters will progress now.Gallery. The main branch of the largely-numbered House Tyrell from left: Willas, Garlan, Loras, Margaery, Olenna, Mace, and Alerie.NavigationWesterosBeyond the Wall The North The Vale of Arryn Riverlands Iron Islands Westerlands Crownlands Stormlands The Reach Mace Tyrell Dorne Westerosi Groups & Houses EssosFree Cities Dothraki Sea LhazarSlaver's Bay Qarth Far East EssosYi Ti Asshai and Shadow Lands Video Games.